Comprehensive Comparison of Hetero-Homogeneous Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Non-Edible Jatropha curcas Oil

The synthesis of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas by transesterification is kinetically controlled. It depends on the molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature, as well catalyst nature quantity. aim this study was to explore low-cost, inedible J. seed oil utilizing both homogenous (potassium hydroxide; KOH) heterogenous (calcium oxide; CaO) catalysis. In effort, two steps were used. First, free fatty acids in reduced 12.4 less than 1 wt.% with sulfuric acid-catalyzed pretreatment. Transesterification subsequently converted biodiesel. yield acid methyl esters optimized varying load, methanol-to-oil ratio. A maximum 96% obtained CaO nanoparticles at a time 5.5 h 4 an 18:1 optimum conditions for KOH ratio methanol 9:1, 5 catalyst, 3.5 h, returned 92%. fuel properties within limits specified ASTM D6751, American standard. addition, 5% blends petroleum diesel ranges prescribed D975,